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Digit span wais iv1/5/2024 ![]() ![]() ![]() In their study comparing performances of TD on WAIS-R and WAIS-IV, gender differences appeared broader and more extensive in the WAIS-R sample, as other previous authors mentioned using WAIS-III (Dolan et al., 2006 Van der Sluis et al., 2006). ( 2020) that found that men performed significantly better than women in the Arithmetic subtest and the WMI of the WAIS-IV. These results were in line with an Italian study by Pezzuti et al. Instead, Processing Speed (PS) index was the only in which women had better outcomes. Studies on typical developmental (TD) population examining the gender differences using subtests and derived indices from WAIS-IV highlighted better performances of men in IQ, Verbal Comprehension (VC), Perceptual Reasoning (PR) and Working Memory (WM) indices (Longman et al., 2007 Irwing, 2012 Daseking et al., 2017). Indeed, Halpern and LaMay ( 2000) found no significant sex difference for the g-factor whereas sex differences play a role regarding achievements on subtests and indexes level using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – 4th Edition (WAIS-IV Wechsler, 2013). Regarding intelligence outcomes, their results confirmed previous research reporting lower IQ score in females with a diagnosis of ASD compared to male participants (Fombonne, 2005). Indeed, in the study no significant effect of sex (male IQ > female IQ F (2) = 2.47, p = 0.09, η 2 p = 0.02) on IQ was found. Results concluded that 639 males and 188 female people were diagnosed with an ASD of any subtype. ( 2016) involving 1244 adults (935 males and 309 females) referred for ASD assessment reported sex differences in clinical outcome. It is supposed that this higher male prevalence is due to autistic females' abilities to mask their social difficulties, to cultural factors, a smaller number of studies on ASD in female population (Attwood, 2007 Lai et al., 2011 Kirkovski et al., 2013) and different ASD phenotypes (Mandy et al., 2012 Van Wijngaarden-Cremers et al., 2014 Howe et al., 2015). Recent epidemiological studies revealed a 2–3 : 1 male-predominance compared to the widely cited 4–5 : 1 ratio from earlier studies (Mattila et al., 2011 Idring et al., 2012 Baxter et al., 2015 Zablotsky et al., 2015 Keller et al., 2020) although this ratio may depend upon intellectual abilities and it appears as low as 2 : 1 when ASD is associated with intellectual disability, and as high as 6–8 : 1 in high-functioning autism (HFA Fombonne, 2005, 2009). Sex-linked genetic factors and male vulnerability to brain insult may account for some of the gender differences (APA, 2013). Alongside with this factor, another relevant element to be considered is the gender ratio across autistic people (Loomes et al., 2017) which is still debate and evidence mixed results. Adults' prevalence is around 1 : 68 revealing a significant increase in the population of adults with ASD (Christensen et al., 2016). Recent prevalence estimates indicate 1 : 44 children in USA and 1 : 77 children in Italy (Maenner et al., 2016). Specifiers consider the possibility of several comorbidities, such as a cognitive deficit, language impairment, catatonia, medical or environmental factors or other neurodevelopmental disorders. The onset of clinical symptoms occurs during the early years of life (APA, 2013). ASD core symptoms are associated with the presence of repetitive verbal and motor behaviours, restricted patterns of interest, need for an unchanging environment (or in any case predictable and stable) and hypo- or hypersensitivity to sensory inputs. ASD is characterised by deficits in socio-emotional reciprocity, impaired verbal and non-verbal communication skills and inability to develop and maintain adequate social relationships with peers. ![]() ![]() Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an early onset and a genetic component. ![]()
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